May 2020 marked the emergence of the so-called “Itaewon Corona Crisis”. The Korean government and local municipalities pursued a quick and drastic response, and “the COVID-19 epidemiological investigation support system” became the center of COVID-19 crisis governance in Korea. This has led to a debate over whether to prioritize community safety or privacy and human rights protection. This essay focuses on not only the social expansion of the surveillance system, but also the need to explore how dependent Korean society is on a ‘technological fix’ and what we gain and lose from it. Through the case of the “Itaewon Corona Crisis”, we attempt to answer the question of why citizens easily accept surveillance technology in crisis and why surveillance systems are rapidly spreading in society. As for the former, concepts such as technological fix and risk perception are analyzed, and as for the latter, the role and performance of “the COVID-19 epidemiological investigation support system” as a surveillance system are highlighted.

In Korea, the movement disclosure system (disclosure of the movement path of confirmed patients with infectious diseases) has been the core of quarantine measures from the beginning of the pandemic. The system is based on the Infected Disease Control and Prevention Act, Article 34-2. According to the act, the head of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the mayor, and the district heads are required to disclose information such as the route and means of transportation of infectious disease patients to the public. A criticism has been raised that the movement disclosure system violates the individual right to privacy and personal dignity. This study introduces constitutional issues surrounding the substantive and procedural legitimacy of the movement disclosure system and shows the results of a survey on the perception of ordinary citizens on these issues. On average, 1,000 respondents approve the legitimacy of the movement disclosure system. Respondents' average evaluation is that the movement disclosure system has not only substantive constitutional legitimacy but also procedural democratic legitimacy. This tendency is the same regardless of the respondents' gender, age, and political orientation. Additionally, respondents generally show that if the movement disclosure policy has secured procedural democracy, it can be accepted in the emergent situation of the pandemic, even if it limits basic rights. From the survey, it might be inferred that communication and cooperation with civil society are essential in preparing policies even in emergencies, and that policies prepared through such democratic governance are highly acceptable.

Public evaluation of national policy acts as an important factor in maintaining or replacing the government in the upcoming election. The same is true of scientific policy evaluations, including high-tech and medical care. In the face of the COVID-19 crisis, the national evaluation of “K-Quarantine” in the medical science field can also serve as an important variable in the operation of the democratic system. 1) How do sovereign citizens evaluate “K-Quarantine”? 2) How much influence does the ‘political trust’ factor have in the scientific communication of COVID-19 and ‘K-Quarantine’ evaluation? 1,000 citizens participated in an internet survey and the results were analyzed. The mean score of “K-Quarantine Evaluation” was 5.595 out of 10, indicating that the public holds a slightly positive view on “K-Quarantine”. Research Hypothesis 1 states that “The more people support Moon Jae’s government, the more positively they will evaluate ‘K-Quarantine’”. After conducting regression analysis on the survey result, it was found that the evaluation of “K-Quarantine” also increased as the “political trust” of “Moon Jae in government support” increased. Research hypothesis 1 was supported by the survey. Research Hypothesis 2 states that “support for Moon Jae’s government” will have a greater influence on the “K-Quarantine evaluation”, which is more controversial than those with less debates in the public sphere such as “tracking the path of confirmed patients”. Four less controversial dependent variables were “vaccine stability”, “tracking the path of confirmed patients”, “QR certification”, and “smart city surveillance society” Regression analysis conducted on the data showed that the “political trust” variable of “support for Moon Jae’s government” had greater influence on “K-Quarantine evaluation” than the other four dependent variables. Research hypothesis 2 was also supported. The results were consistent with the effect of national gathering that the people support the government and its leaders in times of national crisis. As previous studies have shown, the “political trust” factor played a more important role in controversial issues. Even in issues regarding the communication of science and technology that require strict knowledge and information, the ‘political trust’ factor played an important role.

According to the government's promotion of the Covid-19 vaccination policy, it may have relevance to the public’s perception of the reliability and fairness of the government’s epidemic prevention policy. This study analyzed how the public trust in the government's policies and the fairness of the government's quarantine policy decisions change depending on the public satisfaction with the government’s Covid-19 quarantine policy. The purpose of this study is to show whether the government's promotion of its quarantine policy affects the reliability of its policies and public perceptions of the fairness of its policy decisions. This study used the ‘Survey on public perceptions using the scientific culture and media of the Fourth Industrial Revolution’ as the main analysis data. The survey targeted 1,000 panels nationwide who agreed in advance out of 1.3 million panels secured by Embrain. An Internet survey with 1,000 samples was conducted. As a result of performing multinomial logistic regression analysis with policy reliability and fairness as the dependent variables, it was found that the higher the public's satisfaction with the government's promotion of its Covid-19 vaccination policy, the higher the government's trust in the quarantine measures. Regardless of the demographic characteristics, it was confirmed that when public satisfaction with the government's vaccination policy was high, the reliability of the government's measures also turned out to be high. Second, it was found that the higher the level of public satisfaction with the media’s publicizing of the Covid-19 vaccination policy carried out by the government, the fairer the government's epidemic prevention policy decisions. However, although the level of public satisfaction with policy promotion was high, many respondents held the opinion that the government's early message about easing quarantine caused the fourth wave of the pandemic. The results of this study imply that the government's promotion of Covid-19 quarantine policies should be more transparent in order to improve the credibility and fairness of its public policies, and that quarantine policy messages should be carefully announced.

Due to the corona pandemic, interest in technology-based education such as AI-based education and edutech is in the spotlight, and the operation of a curriculum that meets the educational goals of learners is emerging as the key. In particular, Korea has been nurturing professional manpower through the operation of the Graduate School of Education from 2020 to nurture professional teachers for AI-using education. In this study, a survey on perceptions of AI-using education (curriculum) and education policy necessary to revive interest in AI education was conducted for 500 men and 500 women. They consist of 200 people each for each age group (20s to 60s). First, as an advantage of AI-based education, it was found that there is a high expectation for the possibility of individualized education using AI. I was able to confirm that it was recognized as Second, as a disadvantage of AI-using education, it was confirmed that both men and women expressed “concerns about the emergence of AI technology that replaces teachers” Disadvantages (concerns) of AI-using education by age group include “concerns about the emergence of AI technology instead of teachers”, “distrust of AI-based learner-tailored learning”, and “personal information leakage for AI-based careers (advancement)” has been displayed It can be seen that more attention and preparation are needed for the shortcomings of AI-based education. Lastly, in the survey on the perception of education (curriculum) and education policy required to conduct AI-using education, it was found that 1 to 8 items agreed with the detailed elements necessary for AI-using education. Moreover, the 60s actively expressed their opinions about ethics education, a dedicated teacher training system, new textbooks and appropriate teaching methods. Through this, it was confirmed that the higher the age group, the more concerns and rejection of AI-using education, and the need to establish a device for a safer educational environment, and the need for education (curriculum) and education policy for this purpose were confirmed. This study will be able to form a consensus on the need for education using AI, which is necessary in the recent post-corona era, and contribute to the design and substantiation of specific education (curriculum) and education policy necessary to specifically prepare AI-using education.

Since the 1990s, science and technology studies (STS) has suggested a “public turn” to nudge science toward a more diversified set of questions. According to STS, we consider scientific knowledge socially and culturally conditioned. Our studies inform us that different societies define knowledge differently, and sometimes citizens need to define scientific knowledge with or against the authorities. The term “citizen science” fuses citizens with science rather than separating the two. It refers to scientific work involving citizens. Indeed, citizens may participate in various scientific activities, such as raising questions, funding, experimenting, discussing, and writing papers. Using two nationwide surveys conducted in South Korea in 2020 and 2021, we analyze current citizen participation in scientific work and we discuss the possibility of citizen engagement in science and technology culture. We also present in-depth interview data to document the current state of citizen science to supplement the survey results. Our findings show that we must re-explore the relationship between the influence of the social environment and science more broadly.

The present pointed research is aimed at the multiple facets taken by the identity shaping of Edmée, the protagonist-narrator of the novel La fille démantelée by Jacqueline Harpman. After having considered several biography details sweeping the unique career of the Belgian author whose works mostly refer to her active profession as a psychoanalyst, our approach turned to the writing project of the heroine who writes (to herself?) the identity failure of the mother-daughter relationship, which is essential and decisive for the development of any individual. In recusing and annulling her hereditary baggage, the narrator rehabilitates herself as an emotionally stable and socially responsible adult, without recuperation or regeneration (although the trauma is impossible to erase) precisely by and due to the parentage narrative signifying identity liberation and reconstruction inaugurated by the “dismantling”, illustrating writing lucidity and honesty, indispensable ingredients in (auto)fiction.

Through a content and semiological cross-analysis, this article aims at grasping the utterance of Tunisian president Kais Saied's statements on his official Facebook page. On July 25th, 2021 he has ended a political crisis in the country before another one was portending following the parliament freeze by him. Under the prism of a redundant speech in adequacy with the people's expectations, he starts a unique political model of its kind in the Arab-speaking world, yet more and more frequent in longtime democratic areas: populism. After coming to power through ballots, can he jeopardize a whole democratic process that is still unclear?

This text tackles the use of socio-numerical networks through the prism of the habitus, as developed by Pierre Bourdieu. It argues that the latter necessarily has a cultural dimension; not in an essentialist, organic sense, but as a socio-historically situated construct, the product of learning linked to given space-time. The argument developed stems from empirical research on the use of the LinkedIn platform by Greek and French expatriates.

This article proposes to review the theoretical and methodological path of the research programme Médias et mobilisations en Corse de 1945 à nos jours (https://sites.ina.fr/mobilisations-en-corse). From its first stages to its extensions, the objective was to give it a semiotic dimension essential to its elevation as a heritage while following the initial guideline, that of a thought forged by the question of triviality by Yves Jeanneret and inscribed more broadly in the line of the Sciences of the Information and the Communication.

By examining the history of automated writing machines, this paper will examine machines that resemble humans and the narratives surrounding them. The advent of artificial intelligence in the 21st century has profoundly altered the landscape of natural language mechanization. Artificial intelligence continues to evolve, and the fantasy of machine humanization is becoming a reality. Writing machines have continuously appeared in the realm of natural human language, driven by people’s aspirations for automated language production and humanized machines. Automated writing machines signaled the potential for machines that could think. The technological narratives of each era illustrate the evolution of artificial intelligence. In 1805, Swiss mechanician Henri Maillardet built his Draughtsman-Writer, an automaton of a human figure writing on a piece of paper. A century and a half later, Joseph Weizenbaum and his colleagues gave us ELIZA, a natural language computer program simulating human conversations. Today, there are AI programs designed to create narratives and other writing, and the technology and discourses surrounding continue to evolve.

This paper analyses the existing literature and inquires the way in which the Soviet-Japanese War contributed to the establishment of DPRK. The period after that war witnessed the following historical events in the Korean-Russian relations: the independence of Korean peninsula, military governments and the division of peninsula, the Moscow Conference and the division, democratic reforms including the land reform in the North, the foundation of the Labour Party of North Korea, enactment of constitution, and the creation of DPRK. With the independence, the North was under control of the Soviet, which stayed until the end of 1948. When and how was such a decision made? With the war in August 1945, the Soviet defeated the Japanese, which retreated below the 38th parallel line. Despite the declaration of the end of war, the Soviet did not withdraw for three years. The ‘sudden’ decision for the 25th Army to station in the North not to operate military campaigns was abruptly made around 25th August. Chistyokov opted out for Pyongyang instead of Hamheung, when he was instructed to select the post for his troops. Ibid. p. 44. In doing so, the city became the capital of North Korea. The command in the Littoral Province of Siberia, the 25th Army, as well as police and civic affairs offices at major cities addressed major tasks. The more important political issues were determined by the Central Committee of the Communist Party in Moscow and the Soviet government. During the first three years after the independence, which corresponds with the establishment of DPRK, the leadership in Moscow assumed the commanding position in the decision making process. Kremlin’s approval was required for key issues. Given the context that the fate of Korean peninsula was subject to the negotiation between the United States and the Soviet, the role of Soviet’s leadership was crucial. At the same time, however, it should be noted that it had close cooperation with the North Korean leadership and considered the political scene and public opinion.

The direction of “public art” has changed according to changes in the way it views “public”. Today, “Public Art” aims to be a “new genre of public art” theorized by Susan Lacy. According to the report, ‘Public Art’ shows the value of art's existence to the audience in the most democratic way. In other words, we aim for art for everyone. In addition, public art can lead to various discourse to achieve the goal of contributing to public life. Therefore, many people expect that public art can play a big role in forming a democratic society. In fact, attempts are being made to actively utilize “public art” in Korea. However, it has not achieved as much as expected. Most of all, “sustainability” has emerged as an important topic. This paper noted the concept of ‘public environmental art’, which provided the basis for the way humans and nature can coexist, with the emphasis on ‘sustainable art’. Among them, we looked at Fritz Haeg's “Edible Estates”, which was recognized for its artistic value together while deepening and expanding the social functions of public art. It is a project that proved ‘Art for All’ by recognizing the importance of art museum, audience and work relationship. There is also an attempt to pursue “public environmental art” in Korea, which is meaningful to the Korean public art community. Public art should take precedence over planning that melts with the lives of places and citizens. As in the case of Korea, it is important to create an environment where citizens can induce participation not by vertical-oriented policies but by their own will. The “Edible Estates” succeeded in creating a place where people naturally gather, not artificially. Also, in order for public art not to lose its artistic value, we have to think about the diversity of public art themes. All methods should be considered in a way that is consistent with the region currently seeking to utilize public art. Above all, “Edible Estates”, which proves the role of public art that adds meaning to “art for all”, tells us what sustainable public art is and where to move forward. It conveys the importance of the role of public art for relatively marginalized citizens in art genres that only a few can enjoy.

Citations